LITERATURE STUDY : THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTANTS IN NET ZERO EMISSION

: Global warming and climate change have moved the world towards action to reduce carbon emissions and achieve net zero emissions. Oil and gas sector companies have a major impact on carbon emissions due to their carbon-intensive operations. In order to achieve the net zero emission target, GAS companies need to involve all aspects of their organization, including the accounting function. The main objective of this study is to identify the role of accountants in achieving the net zero emission target in GAS companies in 2022. This research uses the literature review method. Data were collected from various relevant literature sources, such as journal articles, company annual reports, environmental guidelines, and case studies related to MIGAS and efforts to achieve net zero emission. Data obtained from annual reports of oil and gas companies were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that accountants have an important role in supporting the efforts of oil and gas companies to achieve net zero emissions. Accountants can provide information, support the implementation of net zero emission, and increase transparency and accountability of oil and gas companies in an effort to achieve net zero emission.


INTRODUCTION
The oil and gas industry (MIGAS) plays a significant role in a country, both in meeting domestic industry's energy and raw material needs, as well as in contributing to the country's foreign exchange earnings (Annur, 2023) (Janitra et al., 2023).However, companies in the OIL and GAS sector have a large impact on carbon emissions because their operational characteristics tend to be carbon-intensive.The activities of extracting petroleum, processing natural gas, and distributing these products often involve processes that release carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases into the atmosphere.These activities have an impact on global warming.
Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, oceans and land (Jones & Wigley, 1990).As a result of global warming, various impacts will occur, including climate change, sea level rise, disruption in agriculture, impacts on ecosystems and animal and plant life, as well as impacts on human health (Pratama & Parinduri, 2019) (Syofiyardi et al., 2022).Currently, companies are expected to become more transparent in disclosing information related to their operations.Company transparency and accountability are reflected in the annual reports they produce (Sariman & Akbar, 2022).One example of information disclosure is regarding carbon emissions, which is often part of additional reports required by statutory regulations (Rahayu et al., 2019).
Disclosure of carbon emissions is regulated in the Limited Liability Company (PT) Law no.40 of 2007 article 66c which requires PT companies to submit reports on social and environmental responsibility activities in their annual reports.This is also regulated in Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 51/PJOK.03/2017concerning the implementation of sustainable finance for financial service institutions, issuers and public companies, where issuers or public companies must include reports regarding social and environmental responsibility in their annual reports or reports.their sustainability.
G20 country leaders and the global business community are encouraged to be more active in encouraging sustainable business governance practices to support Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) initiatives (Lindsay & Martella, 2020) atmosphere does not exceed the amount absorbed by the earth (Sindhwani et al., 2022).To achieve this target, a transition from the current energy system to a cleaner energy system is needed, which aims to achieve a balance between human activities and natural balance (Soares et al., 2018).The main objective of this research is to identify the role of accountants in achieving the net zero emission target in oil and gas companies in 2022.

RESEARCH METHODS
This research uses a literature review method.Literature review is an orderly, clear, and reproducible approach to identifying, evaluating, and combining research work and ideas that have been produced by researchers and practitioners (Rahayu et al., 2019).Data was collected from various relevant literature sources, such as journal articles, 2022 annual reports of oil and gas companies, environmental guidelines, and case studies related to oil and gas and efforts to achieve net zero emissions.The following are the oil and gas companies that were used as objects in this research: Data obtained from annual reports of oil and gas companies were analyzed using descriptive analysis.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Net zero emissions or zero carbon emissions is a condition where the amount of carbon emissions released into the atmosphere does not exceed the amount of emissions that the earth can absorb.To achieve this, a transition is needed from the energy system currently used to a clean energy system in order to achieve a balanced condition between human activities and natural balance (Suyitno, 2022) Accounting is the progress of recording, grouping, summarizing, reporting and analyzing the financial data of an institution or organization (Syaharman, 2020).The accounting process begins by analyzing the flow of payments, then making a note in a journal, posting it to the ledger, and reporting it.
One of the main functions of accounting is to provide periodic reports to management, owners and parties outside the company.The main financial reports produced by accounting are the balance sheet and profit and loss account.Even though the form of this second report may vary from one company to another, the main objective remains the same.The balance sheet is prepared with the aim of describing the financial position of an organization at a certain time, while the profit and loss statement is prepared with the aim of describing business results achieved in a certain period (Sung & Choi, 2012).The reports produced include: balance sheet, profit/loss report, capital changes report, and cash flow report.All these reports can be used by information users, in this case company managers, to make business decisions (Van der Veeken & Wouters, 2002).In connection with the above, the role of accountants in net zero emissions is to support oil and gas companies' efforts to achieve net zero emissions.They are not only responsible for managing data and information related to carbon emissions, but also for providing sustainability reporting which will help oil and gas companies understand the impact of their operations on the environment.
Based on this, oil and gas companies are trying to develop clear efforts to reduce emissions by issuing interim targets for climate change action, including PT Medco Energi Internasional Tbk.In formulating this target, PT Medco Energi Internasional Tbk carried out a strategic review and analysis of government NDCs in the countries where we operate, utilized internal Long-Term Planning (LTP) data, and conducted peer benchmarking.In addition, PT Medco Energi Internasional Tbk assesses risks and  Various elements of society were also involved by the Company, from villages/districts, farmer groups, schools, to collaborating with Seasoldier, an independent Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) which actively invites young people to care about the environment (Fauzi, 2023).
PT Perusahaan Gas Negara Tbk (PGN) has an important role in ensuring national energy security through efforts to strengthen supplies and expand natural gas infrastructure development.As a Gas Subholding, PGN also plays a role in Indonesia's energy transition towards Net Zero Emission (NZE) in 2060.Natural gas, which has cleaner burning properties compared to other energy, can reduce emissions by up to 40% and will be one of the solutions to achieve the reduction target.Indonesia's emissions will reach 377 tons of CO2 in 2035.To support these efforts, throughout 2022 PGN will continue to make business breakthroughs, develop infrastructure and increase the use of natural gas to become a company that provides energy solutions for the Indonesian people, especially for the commercial, industrial, electricity and other sectors.Further description of the Sustainability Committee and ESG Team can be seen in the Sustainability Governance Chapter.The company also continues to proactively socialize its internal sustainability culture, starting from the highest leadership to all employees through various channels such as testing understanding of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) and code of conduct for  Urge all employees to be wise in using paper by maximizing the use of electronic mail (e-mail) as a medium of information and communication; and Utilizing used printed paper that is not used as notes.

Electricity Savings
Using Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps; Turn off the air conditioner, computer or laptop, and other electronic devices when not in use; and Calling for online meetings with external parties to reduce fuel used for vehicles.

Water Saving
Regularly check the condition of taps, urinals, showers and toilets so that if there is damage, you can avoid leaks that can waste water; Through brochures or stickers distributed throughout all work units, the Company invites employees to save water by using water according to their needs; and Close the water tap when not in use.
PT AKR Corporindo Tbk understands that reducing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions has now become a serious concern for the world community.GHG is one of the causes of climate change.To overcome this, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia has also committed to achieving Net Zero Emissions by 2060.Therefore, AKR continues to strive to reduce GHG through GHG emission reduction policies.The GHG emissions calculated by the Company come from the use of fuel oil (BBM) and electrical energy.The use of fuel produces GHG emissions directly (scope 1), while the use of electricity produces GHG emissions indirectly (scope 2 and 3).Other sources of air emissions managed by the Company include the use of fuel oil from operational vehicles, generators, and business transportation operations, including deliveries by trucks and ships.The method we use is to multiply the amount of fuel used and electricity by the Emission Factor (FE), thus producing a CO2 equivalent emission value.The emission factors that AKR uses are emission factors that apply internationally, including the IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2006), Biograce, JEC database, and Ecoinvent.The company has not yet calculated emissions from methane gas (CH4), nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) (PT AKR Corporindo, 2022).
In a future increasingly aware of the challenges of climate change, leading oil and gas companies around the world have chosen to commit to sustainability.They not only play a role in meeting global energy needs, but are also responsible for maintaining a cleaner and more sustainable environment.In this spirit, every oil and gas This report describes the concrete and measurable steps taken by oil and gas companies to achieve the target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions.Stakeholders can see the company's commitment to reducing their environmental impact.Efforts involve major investments in environmentally friendly technologies, development of renewable energy, and increased production efficiency.Oil and gas companies are targeting achieving net zero emissions by 2060, with some even seeking to achieve this target sooner.
Sustainability is not just about oil and gas companies' work on the ground, but also about their efforts to empower local communities, ensure strong social responsibility, and create sustainable economic opportunities.With this sustainability report, oil and gas companies aim to create a better future, where the world's energy needs are met without damaging the environment.That is a real commitment to net zero emissions and a major step in safeguarding our planet for future generations.
The role of accountants in supporting oil and gas companies' efforts to achieve the target of net zero carbon emissions is very crucial.They are not only tasked with managing data and information related to carbon emissions, but also play an important role in providing sustainability reporting which is the basis for companies to understand the impact of their operations on the environment.In this case, accountants play a major role in collecting, recording and analyzing data related to carbon emissions produced during the production process of oil and gas companies.Accurate and reliable data is very important because it is the basis for companies to design effective strategies to reduce carbon emissions.By monitoring and reporting this data, accountants help oil and gas companies evaluate their performance in achieving net zero emissions targets.Apart from that, the role of accountants also includes aspects of transparency and accountability for oil and gas companies.They ensure that the sustainability reports produced comply with applicable standards and regulations.This creates a clear picture of the company's efforts to achieve net zero emissions and provides stakeholders, such as investors and the public, with the information needed to measure the company's progress in reducing environmental impacts.Accounting in oil and gas companies is divided into three interrelated parts to achieve NZE, namely as follows: 1. Financial Accounting Financial accounting involves recording, reporting, and analyzing a company's financial transactions.Financial accounting helps companies measure costs and revenues related to efforts to reduce carbon emissions.This includes calculating the costs of investing in sustainable technologies and practices, as well as analyzing the financial impact of sustainable projects.also play an important role in proving the performance of oil and gas companies to shareholders and investors, and encouraging the allocation of funds to sustainable projects.

Management Accounting
Management accounting is concerned with the use of financial and nonfinancial data for internal decision making in companies.Management accounting helps oil and gas companies design, measure and monitor carbon emission reduction strategies.This includes measuring the effectiveness of sustainable projects, optimal resource allocation, and long-term planning to achieve emissions targets.Management accounting also allows companies to prioritize sustainable initiatives that provide the best results in terms of reducing carbon emissions.

Environmental Accounting
Environmental accounting focuses on measuring and reporting the environmental impact of a company's activities.Environmental accounting helps oil and gas companies identify and measure carbon emissions and other environmental impacts resulting from their operations.This data is used to prepare sustainability reports and fulfill environmental reporting requirements.Environmental accounting also helps companies to understand their contribution to the problem of climate change and to design strategies that minimize that impact.
These three branches of accounting work together to ensure that oil and gas companies' efforts to achieve net zero emissions are supported by accurate data, careful analysis and wise decision making.They help companies manage financial and environmental resources efficiently, monitor progress against sustainability targets, and increase transparency in reporting their environmental impacts to shareholders and society at large.Accounting is a powerful tool for connecting net zero emissions goals with the financial and operational realities of oil and gas companies.

CONCLUSION
Accountants have a crucial role in supporting oil and gas companies' efforts to achieve net zero emissions.They are not only responsible for managing data and information related to carbon emissions, but also for providing sustainability reporting which will help oil and gas companies understand the impact of their operations on the environment.Accountants can provide accurate and reliable information that supports oil and gas companies in designing strategies to reduce carbon emissions.Apart from that, accountants also play a role in increasing the transparency and accountability of oil and gas companies by ensuring that their reports comply with applicable standards and provide a clear picture of the company's efforts to achieve net zero emissions.With the active contribution of accountants, oil and gas companies can be more effective in

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.PT Medco Energi Internasional Tbk emission reduction and energy efficiency programSource: (MedcoEnergi, 2023) Another company, namely PT Elnusa Tbk, a leading energy services company that provides total solutions and is part of the Pertamina Upstream Subholding, always pays attention to environmental aspects in its operational activities.This is in line with the green energy transition in Indonesia according to the road map towards Net Zero Emissions/NZE in 2060 or sooner.Apart from carrying out company operational activities, Elnusa also carries out various green action steps, one of which is through tree planting actions carried out by the company in various regions in the country.Apart from planting trees, other green actions carried out by Elnusa in areas around the Company's work area include providing plant seeds, plant fertilizer, pesticides, hydroponic installations and green spaces to the local community, including providing positive information to the community about the importance of protecting the environment.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Focus and Sustainability Strategy of PT Perusahaan Gas Negara Tbk (PGN) Source: (PT Perusahaan Gas Negara, 2022) Management's commitment to sustainability is demonstrated, among other things, by establishing a Sustainability Committee and an Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Team in 2022 (PGN Directors' Decree No. 037201.K/OT.00/PDO.2022).Referring to the Decree of the PGN Board of Directors Number 037200.K/0T.00/PD0/2022concerning the Sustainability Committee, PGN's sustainability management is carried out by the Board of Directors and related Directorates in accordance with their respective functions and responsibilities, chaired by the President Director.The Board of Directors can delegate sustainability management to each function in Subholding Gas and subsidiaries.The ESG Team, which consists of the Directors and Heads of Work Units from each sector, is tasked with ensuring that the Company's future direction of change is in accordance with good ESG management, environmentally oriented/eco-friendly, and in accordance with appropriate rules and frameworks.In 2022, the ESG Team has developed the Company's sustainability focus and strategy.Further description of the Sustainability Committee and ESG Team can be seen in the Sustainability Governance Chapter.The company also continues to proactively socialize its internal sustainability culture, starting from the highest leadership to all employees through various channels such as testing understanding of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) and code of conduct for