Keywords: Family, Domestic Violence, Violence.

INTRODUCTION

The smallest social unit in society is the household or family, and this has a significant impact on the personality development of each family member and the way they interact with other people (Bott & Spillius, 2014). Families need structure, and apart from several other family members, the head of the household is an important character who guides the family. Father, mother, and children form a family, and they get along well as one unit. Harmony in the mutual ties between each family member and each individual characterizes this positive relationship (Yunita, Doriza, & Oktaviani, 2022).

A family is said to be harmonious if all its members protect and love each other. The family members are all happy with the absence of division, anger, sadness and a sense of satisfaction with the condition (physical, psychological, emotional and social) of all family members. On the other hand, a family is considered disharmonious if the opposite happens (Lila, van Aken, Musitu, & Buelga, 2020). Furthermore, in line with the Pancasila philosophy and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the State and society have an obligation to prevent domestic violence, protect victims, and take action against perpetrators.

According to the state, all types of violence, including domestic violence, are discriminatory practices, crimes against human dignity, and violations of human rights (Beasley & Thomas, 2013). This is based on article 28 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, along with its amendments. Article 28 G paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states "every individual has the right to personal protection, family, honor, dignity and property under his control, and has the right to a sense of security and protection from the threat of fear of doing or not doing." something which is a human right'' article 28 H paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states "every individual has the right to convenience and special treatment to obtain the same opportunities and benefits in order to achieve equality and justice."

Based on recent developments, Banggai Regency in Central Sulawesi Province has become a place where physical, psychological, sexual and domestic violence occurs (Ilahi, 2021). Appropriate legal instruments are needed to stop and prevent domestic violence. Legal reform and increasing social awareness to support marginalized or vulnerable groups, especially women, are needed considering the high number of violent crimes, including domestic violence, that occur in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province.

Existing legal reforms are inadequate because it has been proven that the problem of violence in the household is still rampant and is no longer in line with community norms (Dhawan & Bhasin, 2024). So it is deemed necessary to issue regulations that regulate domestic violence only because it has a special nature, even though in general the Criminal Code has discussed torture and immorality as well as neglect of individuals who must be supported and supported (Bernstein, 2015).

The law regarding the elimination of domestic violence is closely connected with a number of other laws that have been passed previously, namely, Law Number 1 of 1946 concerning the Criminal Code and its amendments, Law number 8 of 1981 concerning the criminal procedure code, Law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage, Law number 7 of 1984 concerning ratification of the convention on the eradication of all forms of discrimination against women, and on human rights.

This law strictly regulates domestic violence with different criminal aspects from the crime of abuse as in the Criminal Code, in addition to regulating the prevention, protection and recovery of victims of domestic violence (Goodmark, 2018).

It is hoped that law enforcers, health workers, social workers, volunteers and religious leaders will become more sensitive and responsive to household needs, initially focusing on maintaining household integrity and harmony, so the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence also regulates their obligations in protecting victims.

As part of his duties and obligations related to women's empowerment, the Minister carries out preventive efforts to stop domestic violence (Hester & Lilley, 2014). These efforts include education and communication regarding the prevention of domestic violence (Kiani et al., 2021).

This study aims to empirically examine the occurrence of domestic violence (DV) in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, by analyzing the existing legal frameworks, including the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code, the Marriage Law, the Law on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, and Human Rights Law. It also evaluates the effectiveness of the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence, which governs the prevention, protection, and recovery of victims, and the responsiveness of law enforcers, health workers, social workers, volunteers, and religious leaders in handling DV cases. Additionally, the study assesses the preventive efforts undertaken by the Minister related to women's empowerment, particularly through education and communication on DV prevention, and advocates for the drafting of a comprehensive, explicit, and firm law to eliminate DV and protect victims, with a specific focus on the situation in Banggai Regency.

RESEARCH METHODS

The author will provide a detailed description of incidents of domestic violence in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, using empirical descriptive legal research as the data collection method. Empirical methods were used to obtain data for this research, with data sources from the author's own observations from literature studies and field research (Zhu, Sari, & Lee, 2018).

In conducting the research, the author took the location of the Banggai Resort Police by reviewing documents which provided qualitative and quantitative data. The research was carried out in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. This research is empirical in nature. Data collection by observation, interviews and documentation (Goldkuhl, 2019). Then the data was analyzed using qualitative descriptive. which is related to the topic of this article and interviews, namely conducting interviews with people who have a position with the problem, namely: Police Chief, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province. The data obtained, both primary and secondary, was obtained using descriptive analysis. This is in order to make it easier for writers to analyze and identify research findings.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Forms of Domestic Violence

Further explained by Mr. AKBP AKBP Ade Nuramdani as Banggai Police Chief (interview on 7 July 2023) that the forms of domestic violence action during the 3 year period (2020 to 2022) were in the form of: 1. Physical violence. Physical force is used in acts of violence to injure or attack another person. This is an unfair act that often results in bodily harm. What is included in physical violence, for example, is assault and rape. 2. Psychological Violence. Two interrelated components of psychological violence are the perpetrator's actions and the psychological or psychiatric consequences, which not only describe the victim's condition but also explain the reasons. Psychological violence includes insults, comments that undermine other people's self-worth, not allowing the wife to be friends, threats of divorce, keeping the wife away from her children. 3. Household neglect.

A person who neglects his household is a person who leaves it, even though he is obliged by law to provide for the person concerned or based on an agreement to that end, to fulfill his needs (Nussbaum, 2011). Additionally, anyone who forces a victim under his or her control by limiting or prohibiting appropriate work inside or outside the home constitutes neglect. One can classify economic violence as domestic neglect. Types of economic violence include: Not providing for his wife and taking advantage of her financial dependence to control her life (Postmus, Hoge, Breckenridge, Sharp-Jeffs, & Chung, 2020).

From the results of an interview with Mr. AKBP AKBP Ade Nuramdani as the Banggai Police Chief, information from the Head of the Women and Children Protection Unit of the Banggai Police, domestic violence cases handled by the Women and Children Services (PPA) of the Banggai Police, from 2020 to 2022 can be seen in the table. 1 below:

Table 1. Behavioral data on acts of domestic violence at Banggai Police for the period 2020 – 2022

No	Year	Number of Cases
1	2020	48
2	2021	36
3	2022	7
Total number		91

Data Source: Banggai Police (July 2023).

From the table above, according to a brief explanation by Mr AKBP AKBP Ade Nuramdani as Banggai Police Chief (interview on 7 July 2023) in 2020 there were 48 cases of domestic violence, in contrast to 2021 there were 36 cases of domestic violence, a decrease compared to 2020, while in 2022 there were 7 The decline in domestic violence cases was very significant when compared to the previous two years.

There was a decrease in the number of cases from 2020 to 2022 by 7 cases, due to the increasing awareness of husbands and wives to maintain the household and if a problem occurs, the husband and wife often resolve the problem amicably. Increasing public understanding, especially husbands and wives, of the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence, is expected to reduce the number of domestic violence cases that occur in Indonesia, especially in the Banggai Regency area, Central Sulawesi Province.

Furthermore, Mr. AKBP AKBP Ade Nuramdani as Banggai Police Chief (interview on 7 July 2023) said that from the data on domestic violence cases over 3 years old you can see the forms of domestic violence in Table 2:

Table 2. Forms of Domestic Violence in Banggai Regency. Period 2020 – 2022.

NO	YEAR	FORMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACTION	NUMBER OF CASES
1	2020	PHYSICAL ABUSE	34
		PSYCHICAL VIOLENCE	4
		SEXUAL VIOLENCE	-
		HOUSEHOLD NEGLIGENCE	10
2	2021	PHYSICAL ABUSE	32
		PSYCHICAL VIOLENCE	-
		SEXUAL VIOLENCE	-
		HOUSEHOLD NEGLIGENCE	3
3	2022	PHYSICAL ABUSE	7
		PSYCHICAL VIOLENCE	-
		SEXUAL VIOLENCE	-
		HOUSEHOLD NEGLIGENCE	-
TOTAL NUMBER			91

Data Source: Banggai Police

Based on table IV above, AKBP Ade Nuramdani as Banggai Police Chief (interview on July 7 2023) explained that in 2020 there were 34 cases of domestic violence in the form of physical violence, 4 cases of psychological violence, and domestic violence. amounting to 10 cases. In 2021, there were 32 cases of domestic violence in the form of physical violence, zero cases of psychological violence, and 3 cases of domestic violence. In 2022, there will be 7 cases of domestic violence in the form of physical violence, with zero cases of psychological violence and domestic violence. So in the 3 years in the table above for forms of domestic violence in the form of sexual violence there were no cases at all in the Banggai Regency area (Samatan, 2023). Thus, the average act of domestic violence in the above 3 years is in the form of physical violence in cases of domestic violence.

Factors that cause Domestic Violence

Women are almost universally taught to keep family matters private in almost all countries (Keen, 2010). If the family secret was revealed, it would be a shame. Therefore, even if a wife or woman is a victim of harassment, she usually chooses to remain silent and hide the problem. Mahar (dowry), a culture of honesty, the instillation of the concept that the wife is the property of the husband, and other factors that men basically view as the cost of purchasing a woman, are all seen as supporting this belief. Once married, a woman is considered to have been bought, and therefore, she is accepted as normal because the man is free to treat her as he pleases.

Due to its massive impact on women's lives and society at large, violence against women has attracted much attention. An indication of an unequal power relationship between men and women is violence against women (Sikweyiya et al., 2020). This causes men, especially husbands, to dominate and discriminate against women, namely wives, in the home or family.

Based on the results of an interview with Mr. AKBP AKBP Ade Nuramdani as Banggai Police Chief (interview on 7 July 2023) that continuous emotional outbursts are manifested in the form of domestic violence. Non-physical forms of violence such as cruel words spoken to other family members and unwanted attitudes and behavior are the first to give rise to this kind of violence. This pattern continues to occur over time, giving rise to a buildup of frustration, anger and disappointment which ultimately leads to physical violence.

Apart from that, efforts to eradicate violent crimes against women also aim to protect the good name of the family. A society that has been ingrained for centuries, which requires wives to obey, serve and submit to their husbands, forces women to remain silent about these actions (Feagin, 2013). The reason for the low number of reports of domestic violence is because wives are afraid of being threatened with more serious violence or not being allowed to leave the house or tell anyone about the situation, especially if they report it to the police.

So according to Mr. AKBP Ade Nuramdani as the Head of Banggai Police (interview on 7 July 2023) that with the rise of domestic violence, at Banggai Police there is a section that handles this problem, while the one in charge of the Domestic Violence section is the PPA IV (Protection of Women and Children) section which consists of 7 people, consisting of 1 Kanit (Head of Law Enforcement Unit) & 6 Investigators. The jobdes in the PPA IV section itself refers to the National Police Chief's regulation No.Pol: 10 of 2007, where the task of the PPA unit is to protect women and children who are victims of crime and the legal system by offering services.

Furthermore, based on the results of an interview with Mr AKBP AKBP Ade Nuramdani as Banggai Police Chief (interview 7 July 2023) that the factors that influence the incidence of domestic violence are:

Economic factors,

The economic aspect is the dominant cause of violence against women compared to education, especially in the Banggai Regency area, indicated by the perpetrators who are generally unskilled and casual workers who do not have a fixed income, this has a big influence on the level of household prosperity.

Conflicts between couples often start over money. It makes sense that household finances and the economy have a significant impact on daily life (Yogasnumurti, Sadalia, & Irawati, 2021). One cannot thrive without money, especially if they are part of a larger family.

Income that is not enough to support the household often creates commotion between husband and wife. Especially if the main breadwinner is the husband. Quarrels can also arise when the husband no longer works, for example due to termination of employment. Apart from that, the high cost of living demands problems which often end in domestic violence.

Social Media Factors.

In this modern era, social media is no longer taboo. Almost everyone uses social media which can now be accessed using a smartphone. Social media creates a new world, namely what is often referred to as cyberspace. In fact, people now tend to feel more familiar and close to their cyber friends than to the people around them (Deibert, 2015). Social media is also often misused, such as the emergence of illicit relationships within a household, whether by a wife or a husband.

Social media makes a person become closed and instead becomes open with his virtual world friends (Utz & Jankowski, 2016). Establishing communication that creates comfort with his virtual world friend and an affair occurs. Prohibiting your partner from holding a cellphone, creating passwords or passwords that your partner doesn't know, often triggers heightened emotions in the household and can even lead to domestic violence. Having fun playing social media makes someone neglectful of their work. For example, a wife becomes lazy, engrossed in her cellphone and doesn't even take care of her children and husband. So arguments and quarrels arise, which even if they continue can result in the husband beating his wife.

Infidelity Factor (Third Person).

The presence of a third person in a household can damage and destroy the household. Infidelity and poor communication are one of the causes of infidelity. Even if a man or husband is allowed to have more than one wife according to marriage law and the Compilation of Islamic Law, they must be able to meet a number of standards that have been determined fairly. However, there are many examples where a married man has a husband and wife-relationship with different women (Nawaz, Kiran, Shabbir, & Zamir, 2022). After the affair, there were a number of arguments and, in one case, abandonment. Quarrels between partners can also result in the husband physically abusing his wife. There must be a logical reason to file for divorce and a valid reason for doing so.

Drug Use Factors.

Drugs are one of the haram goods that can damage a person physically, mentally and even in family relationships. Drug users have emotional instability and a reduced sense of affection for partners, children and family. Unstable emotions cause a person to have a bad or inappropriate way of communicating, which may give rise to disputes and commotion between husband and wife.

Addiction to drugs can also make someone desperate to do anything to consume these illicit goods. Extortion, theft, or even threatening a partner or wife to get money to consume drugs. The high desire and inability to purchase, make the addict angry. One outlet for his anger is his partner, namely his wife. A wife who is dominant with her weaknesses tends to be unable to resist the perpetrator's treatment, and violence is often inevitable.

However, there are many examples where a married man has a husband and wife relationship with different women. After the affair, there were a number of arguments and, in one case, abandonment. The emergence of arguments can also lead to physical violence by the husband towards his wife. The factor is that they often fight with their husbands, and women attack their husbands first.

Don't forget to also explain that AKBP Ade Nuramdani as Banggai Police Chief (interview 7 July 2023) explained that domestic violence is a crime that degrades human dignity apart from being limited to acts of violence against women or children. It is very important to stop and prevent acts of domestic violence that go beyond the law, and law enforcement officials must take a leading role in this effort. Things that can be done are:

a. Pre-emptive Efforts.

In particular, early intervention initiatives aim to prevent acts of domestic violence that bypass the law by setting standards or values for each individual or community. Things like education and socialization will be beneficial. For example, providing education to the public about the dangers of domestic violence, especially to the people of Luwuk City, Banggai Regency, and especially to newly married couples, who are very vulnerable to arguments or conflicts that lead to crime.

b. Preventive Efforts

This is an effort to complement the preventive efforts that have been carried out previously which are still in the preventive stage. The focus of preventive efforts is to eliminate opportunities for criminal acts to occur. Such as the creation of the Luwuk City P2TP2A rapid reaction team, which is working to resolve various violence and sexual problems in Luwuk City and developing laws or regulations regarding the elimination of domestic violence. The same thing is also implemented, especially in Luwuk City, but the Banggai Luwuk City Police often experience a number of difficulties in doing this. Because the government and police try to educate the public about the law, sometimes they take this matter for granted and don't see it as a big problem. However, this does not dampen the enthusiasm of the local government and police to continue providing education to the people of Luwuk City; The aim is to make everyone aware of the law so that they are afraid of doing things that are prohibited, such as committing domestic violence.

c. Repressive Efforts

This is what is called a prosecution effort, an effort to eradicate criminal acts that have already occurred. Namely making arrests, examining crime scenes, carrying out investigations, and taking firm action in accordance with the actions of perpetrators of domestic violence crimes within the scope of the Banggai Resort Police.

If the perpetrator is proven to have used violence, appropriate legal action will be taken. However, in order to maintain family peace, the perpetrator must prioritize considering the benefits of both parties.

CONCLUSION

Based on the study of domestic violence (DV) in Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, it was concluded that DV is significantly prevalent, manifesting in forms such as physical violence, psychological violence, sexual violence, and domestic neglect. Effective interventions are necessary due to the high prevalence. The existing legal frameworks, though comprehensive, require better implementation and coordination, and the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence needs improved practical application in its provisions for prevention, protection, and victim recovery. Stakeholders, including law enforcers, health workers, social workers, volunteers, and religious leaders, show varying degrees of responsiveness, highlighting the need for enhanced training and guidelines. Preventive efforts by the Minister for women's empowerment have had some impact, but more comprehensive initiatives are required. Factors triggering DV include internal factors like economic issues, infidelity, lack of education and legal knowledge, disobedient wives, and uncontrolled emotions, as well as external social and cultural factors. There is a clear need for drafting a more explicit and firm law on DV elimination, prioritizing victim protection and education on human dignity violations. The study emphasizes the importance of localized approaches tailored to the unique social and cultural dynamics of Banggai Regency for effective DV prevention and victim support.

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Copyright holder:

Dri Sucipto, Oman Sukmana, Wahyudi, Vivian Nova (2024)

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Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health (AJESH)

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