Estimation of Opportunities for Trafficking in Persons: Analysis of Podes 2021 Data for Sanggau and Pontianak Regions in the Framework of Strengthening National Resilience

The relocation of the capital of the Republic of Indonesia (IKN) to East Kalimantan was chosen by the government due to its proximity to Balikpapan and Samarinda, water resources, and extensive plains with minimal risk of natural disasters, along with available government land for development. However, this plan has sparked various debates regarding its impact on urbanization, spatial planning, infrastructure provision, as well as the potential marginalization of local communities and social conflicts. From the perspective of national resilience, this study aims to identify human trafficking opportunities in Sanggau Regency and Pontianak City using a quantitative approach. The findings reveal that the presence of foreign nationals (WNAs) and the dominance of the tertiary employment sector significantly influence the level of human trafficking. These results underscore the necessity for a comprehensive national resilience strategy to prevent human trafficking and support the establishment of a new capital city in East Kalimantan.


INTRODUCTION
The East Kalimantan regional election is seen by the government as an ideal region adjacent to other provincial capitals such as Balikpapan and Samarinda (T.Toumbourou et al., 2020).This area is also adjacent to water areas, as well as condition of the plain area filled with vast forests, the risk of natural disaster phenomena is minimal such as floods, landslides, and tsunamis, and the availability of large areas of government-owned land for the construction and development of the new capital area (Astuti et al., 2022).The plan to move the capital of the Republic of Indonesia to the East Kalimantan region indicates horizontally that the location of the new state Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health Volume 3, No. 5 May 2024 capital is in the middle of the archipelago of Indonesia.However, the location of East Kalimantan is close to the international boundary line; in this case, it is relatively close to the land boundary of eastern Malaysia (T. D. Toumbourou et al., 2022).
Although currently still in the planning stage of the transfer, there have been many differences of opinion from various circles, both general and intellectual.Professor of Faculty of Geography UGM, Prof. Dr. Rini Rachmawati, S.Si., M.T., said several things need to be considered regarding the impact of urbanization from IKN development (Syaban & Appiah-Opoku, 2024).Starting from spatial planning, providing settlements, physical, social, and digital infrastructure, preparing buffer areas to anticipate urban sprawl and foster the rise of new developments, preparing jobs, and anticipating modern urban life's social impact.Meanwhile, an expert in Migration and Population at the Faculty of Geography UGM, Prof. Dr. Sukamdi, M.Sc., explained that the construction of IKN can stimulate secondary cities to prevent population growth around IKN.This is expected to be able to absorb migrants so that there is no high population growth.Another possible effect is the marginalization of the local population.Local people will be pushed by large numbers of migrants, and can also lead to job market segmentation and social tensions or conflicts (Kalalinggi et al., 2023).
The risk of IKN development will affect Indonesia's national resilience.National Resilience is a balance between national strength and perceived vulnerability after adversity or traumatic events.According to Joseph Jonathan (2021), National Resilience is not only an effort to survive after experiencing threats, disturbances, obstacles, and challenges (AGHT) both from within and outside but also means the strength to rise again and even be more resilient.
The perspective on the transfer of IKN is different.First, border areas are strategic areas that become the face of a country, in this case, the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), because these areas become entrances for foreigners or other interested outsiders to enter the territory of the Republic of Indonesia (Wiratama et al., 2023).Second, border communities in the Republic of Indonesia tend to fall into the category of people who are left behind from various aspects of development.This is a big challenge for the nation to build a new city, let alone the capital of a new country, with its territory close to the territory of Malaysia (Syailendra & Hanggono, 2024).
The country's border area certainly has its own national borders equipped with crossborder posts as official international crossing guard posts between the two countries (Belkacemi et al., 2023;Klein et al., 2022).Securing the country's external border areas is very important, not only securing the existence of local people but also related to the sovereignty of the country's jurisdiction.This means that they really put the security of the elected forces first to defend the sovereignty of the country (Arifin et al., 2024).Andayani L and Lidia N Ayal (2024) stated that border areas between countries can be used as a gateway to economic activities that can improve people's welfare.In fact, the economic development of people in land border areas is very minimal and almost neglected.Poverty in border areas is the mother of various social welfare problems (Valeria, 2024).This unprosperous condition can cause the emergence of crime issues on the grounds of meeting the needs of daily life.All efforts are made by humans, including crossing national borders illegally by utilizing minimal border area development (Facchini & Testa, 2021).Illegal crossings are often used as a means of trafficking in persons at border areas (da Silva et al., 2023;Phayal et al., 2024).
According to Law No. 7 of 2021 concerning the Eradication of Trafficking in Persons article 1 point (1) that Trafficking in Persons is the act of recruiting, transporting, sheltering, sending, transferring, or receiving a person by threat of violence, use of force, kidnapping, captivity, forgery, fraud, abuse of power or vulnerable position, debt bondage or giving payment or benefits, so as to obtain the consent of the person in control of such other persons, whether committed within countries or between countries, for the purpose of exploitation or resulting in exploitation of persons (Lasna et al., 2022;Turanjanin & Stanisavljević, 2024).Certain individuals will take advantage of the forest situation on the Kalimantan border to carry out illegal trafficking efforts (Mars & Setiyono, 2023).Not only the condition of Kalimantan's vast and long borders but other internal factors such as the availability and feasibility of health, education and economic facilities, even transportation facilities and infrastructure may be factors supporting trafficking crimes in persons still occur.The author will examine these factors to present a comprehensive conclusion to strengthen national resilience, especially regarding the location of the new state capital in the Kalimantan region.
This study aimed to identify the chances of trafficking in persons in Sanggau Regency and Pontianak City.This area is the centre of attention of researchers because both have data on the fact that trafficking crimes still occur in the region.Then, to find out what factors cause the trafficking crime.

RESEARCH METHODS
The data source in this study uses Village Potential data sourced from the Central Statistics Agency Podes data in 2021.This village potential data is the last data collected by BPS taken within 3 years of one data collection.This study used data from 204 villages consisting of 175 villages in Sanggau Regency and 29 villages in Pontianak city.This data is the latest data that has been collected by BPS as a state survey and statistics institution authorized to calculate data in national life.According to the Central Statistics Agency (2020), the 2021 Podes data collection is the government's effort to collect a variety of information, both in the nature of the potential owned Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health Volume 3, No. 5 May 2024 by the village/kelurahan and information related to vulnerabilities or challenges faced by villages/kelurahan.Podes Data Collection 2024 aims to produce data for regional development purposes, providing data on regional potential, availability of infrastructure/facilities, and socioeconomic conditions in each village/kelurahan.
The unit of analysis in this study is the village, with the respondent being the village apparatus (village head or village secretary) as the holder of the government mandate in terms of knowing, managing and extending the government at the village level.Of course, this role is believed to be able to provide data on the potential of the village in question correctly and on target through filling out questionnaires from BPS. Village Potential (Podes) is the only complete village-level data collection conducted by the Central Statistics Agency (BPS).This fact brings pride as well as challenges.This pride, among others, is because the results of Podes will always be awaited and become a reference for many parties.The challenge is that more and more parties are also highlighting and demanding the validity and accuracy of Podes data.This research uses a quantitative approach method.The type of quantitative research according to Martens (2023), quantitative research is to measure something appropriately and is used to measure customer behavior, knowledge, opinions, and attitudes.This approach is the development of mathematical data sourced from research data obtained, which will be processed to produce relationships between variables in a particular population.
The analysis method uses Descriptive Statistical Analysis, which conducts cross-tabulation analysis between dependent variables (percentage of villages with trafficking) according to each independent variable (population, economy, means of transportation, etc.).Researchers will use hypothesis testing methods and perform statistical regression analysis in this process.Because the dependent variables are Sanggau and Pontianak as Kalimantan regions close to land borders with Malaysia, while the number of trafficking crimes and Village Potential data are used as independent variables, the analysis used is binary regression logistic analysis.Binary logistic regression is a data analysis method used to find the relationship between the binary response Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health Volume 3, No. 5 May 2024 variable (y) and the predictor variable (x) (Henzi et al., 2022).The response variable y consists of 2 categories: there is trafficking, and no trafficking is denoted with y=1 (existing) and y=0 (none).= The score of the sum of village facilities and transportation facilities is classified into two categories, namely good and not good Of all the Village Potential data that have been obtained and processed by researchers, there are 6 variable categories related to the number of trafficking crimes in Sanggau and Pontianak areas.The six variables are topography, the existence of sending agents for Indonesian migrant workers, the presence of Foreign Nationals, the types of work in the village, including work in agriculture, manufacturing and services, the form of economic facilities in the village, including the number and distance of shops and markets in meeting the needs of the village community, and infrastructure and transportation including traffic from/to the village and public transportation available and operating in the village area.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Descriptive analysis is an analysis obtained from the results of data processing to find out the entanglement between variables.Thus, each relationship between dependent variables is obtained with each free variable through the number of trafficking crimes and Village Potential data.This study used data from 204 villages, 175 of which were in Sanggau Regency and 29 of which were in Pontianak City.Topographic variables showed that the topography in Sanggau and Pontianak areas consisted of slopes and plains with the presence of slope topography affecting trafficking by 0.9%, resulting in a lower number than plain topography affecting trafficking by 2.2%.Although there were fewer plains than 113 villages, trafficking tended to occur in plain areas.
The agent variable shows that the absence of agents sending Indonesian migrants abroad is more likely to affect the trafficking rate by 1.5% than the presence of agents.In fact, based on data obtained, the existence of sending agents for Indonesian migrant workers abroad in the Sanggau and Pontianak areas is in a number of 4 villages.
The presence of foreigners in rural areas in Sanggau and Pontianak was more likely to influence the trafficking rate by 6.7%.These foreigners are spread across 15 villages in the Sanggau and Pontianak regions.
Service jobs were 8.1% more likely to affect trafficking than other types of work, agriculture, and manufacturing.Based on data obtained, 37 villages in the Sanggau and Pontianak regions have communities with service sector (main tertiary sector) jobs.
The next variable is the economy, which will explain the variable economic facilities available in the Sanggau and Pontianak areas.The number of markets, the types of markets available, and the distance to reach these markets have been processed from the results of Village Potential data so that the increasing market quantity affects the occurrence of trafficking crimes by 7.1%.
The fifth variable, Facilities and Infrastructure, is the physical condition or infrastructure supporting village economic activities in the Sanggau and Pontianak areas.Based on the data, it can be concluded that the supporting characteristics of villagers' economic activities in the secondary and tertiary sectors are higher than the primary employment sector and equally affect the rate of trafficking in persons by 7.1% in the Sanggau and Pontianak regions.The level of transportation facilities and infrastructure in the Sanggau and Pontianak areas with a high value means that villages in the area have adequate road traffic in the form of paved land areas, the existence of public transportation and fixed operating hours.However, the graph shows that the high level of transportation facilities and infrastructure actually affects the high value of trafficking in persons in the region.

CONCLUSION
Human trafficking is a modern form of human slavery.Trafficking in persons is also one of the worst forms of human dignity and dignity violations.Based on the results of the discussion in this study, it can be concluded that several factors influence the occurrence of human trafficking crimes in the Sanggau and Pontianak regions such as the existence of plain areas in village areas, the absence of agents sending Indonesian Migrant Workers abroad, the existence of foreigners, the type of work of rural communities that dominate the main tertiary sector, namely the service sector, and the level of high-value transportation facilities and infrastructure.However, the value of each of these factors is not the same, so it can be known that there are two factors that are high enough to affect the level of trafficking crimes, namely the presence of foreigners and the main sector of secondary and tertiary work.
Volume 3, No. 5 May 2024 1 = village with plain topography, 0 = village with slope topography Agent = then 1= there is the existence of an agent, 0 = no existence of an agent FOREIGNERS = then 1 = there is the existence of foreigners, 0 = there is no existence of foreigners Work= then 1 = source of agricultural employment, 2 = source of manufacturing employment, 3 = source of service employment Economics = shows the number of shops/markets in the village SarTrans

Table 2 . The percentage of influence of free variables on the occurrence of trafficking Asian
Journal of Engineering, Social and Health Volume 3, No. 5 May 2024