Volume
3, No. 8 August 2024 (1648-1662)
p-ISSN 2980-4868 | e-ISSN
2980-4841
https://ajesh.ph/index.php/gp
The
Effect of Mobile Application-Based Education on the Knowledge and Skills of
First Aid for Traffic Accidents Among Adolescents at SMAN 1 Martapura,
Banjar RegencyHA
PAGE
Muhammad Ihsan Maulana1*,
Marwansyah2, Suroto3, Evi Risa Mariana4,
Rutmauli Hutagaol5
1,2,3,4,5Poltekkes Kemenkes Banjarmasin, Banjarbaru,
South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Email : ihsanmaulanamuhammad248@gmail.com1, marwans.bjm@gmail.com2, surotosumiran1@gmail.com3, mevirisa@gmail.com4, rutmauli.ht.gaol@gmail.com5
ABSTRACT
First aid in accidents (P3K) is an important skill that can save lives,
but adolescents' knowledge and skills about P3K are often low. With
technological advancements, mobile applications have become a potential
educational tool to improve adolescents' understanding and skills in P3K. This
study aims to determine the influence of mobile application-based education on
improving adolescent knowledge and skills in providing first aid in accidents.
This study uses a pre-experiential method with a one-group pretest-posttest
design without control. The sample of this study was 30 students selected using
proportional random sampling. The adolescent knowledge and skills were measured
before and after the intervention using questionnaires and observation sheets.
Data analysis in this study used the Wilcoxon test. The results of the study
showed that there was a significant increase in knowledge and skills of first
aid in accidents (P3K) with p-value = 0.000. This shows that the use of mobile
applications is effective in improving students' knowledge and skills about
first aid in accidents (P3K). Mobile application-based education has proven to
be effective in improving adolescents' knowledge and skills regarding P3K.
Mobile applications can be an efficient and accessible means to disseminate
important information about P3K to teenagers.
Keywords: Mobile Application, Knowledge, Skills, First
Aid in Accidents (P3K).
INTRODUCTION
Emergency events usually occur very quickly and
suddenly, so it is difficult to predict when and where they occur. An
emergency, for example, is an accident that can occur anytime and anywhere.
Accidents can be caused by fires, being stabbed by sharp objects, natural
disasters, and traffic accidents. Many accidents require first aid. In an
emergency, dealing with accident victims within the first hour is essential to
save victims and prevent death or bad conditions. This is where everyone needs
the knowledge and skills to provide first aid
Almost 90% of mortality and morbidity that occur
due to traffic accidents are caused by slow rescue time, past golden time and
inaccuracy of first aid when the victim is first found
The number of deaths caused by accidents has
reached 1.35 million people every year, 90% of which occur in developing
countries that only have 54% of vehicles in the world. Traffic accidents are
ranked eighth as the leading cause of death for all ages and the leading cause
of death in people with an age range of 5-29 years. As many as 50% of road
deaths are vulnerable road users, namely motorcyclists, cyclists or pedestrians
If there are no continuous efforts to handle this problem, it can be predicted that
traffic accidents will be the seventh cause of death by 2030
In South Kalimantan Province, the proportion of
injuries caused by traffic accidents is 1.8%. The proportion of moderate
traffic accidents driving motorcycles is around 78%. (Ministry of Health of the
Republic of Indonesia, 2018). From the traffic accident data of Banjar Regency,
it was recorded that of the 88 traffic accidents in 2020, there were 32.2%
dead, 3.9% seriously injured and 63% slightly injured. Meanwhile, in 2021 there
were 76 accidents with a death rate of 43.9%, serious injuries of 2.8%, and minor
injuries of 53.2%, and in 2022 there were 111 traffic accidents, with a death
rate of 33.5%, serious injuries of 1.1%, and minor injuries of 65.2% (Kominfo Regency of Banjar 2022).
From the high number of accidents, the increase
in disability and death rates in traffic accident victims is partly due to the
delay in first aid when the victim is found and the inaccuracy of the way to
handle accident victims can also affect the condition of the victim, lack of
knowledge about first aid in accidents, is still the main problem
Accidents can occur because they are influenced
by several factors, namely 61% are human factors, 9% are vehicle factors, and
30% are infrastructure and the environment (Ministry of Communication and
Informatics, 2019). The human factor or the driver is the most dominant factor,
such as deliberately violating traffic, ignorance of the applicable rules,
and/or pretending not to know
Based on research conducted by Irfan Lazuardi and Dimas Krishna Aditya, the analysis of the
problem has been carried out in stages; information media is needed for the
public to easily receive information about first aid science. This is intended
for the public to be more vigilant in terms of handling accident victims so as
not to cause casualties or possibly save them. Therefore, the design of the
mobile application as a first aid information medium is carried out based on
these problems. Based on research conducted by Yogi Pratama
and Rinna Rachmatika (2022), the creation of an
accident first aid education application (P3K) can help the public, especially
android-based smartphone users, in obtaining information on first aid measures
in accidents (P3K), based on almost the same research conducted by
Based on this background, the author is
interested in developing a mobile application to improve knowledge and skills
in handling traffic accident victims, this application will be able to display
first aid actions in handling traffic accidents (laka
lantas) which can help in handling an accident, the
author chooses a mobile application as a medium in delivering information that
is effective, informative, and can be accessed with Easy by anyone, this mobile
application can be accessed using the internet, making the mobile application
have faster performance when used, the visual/image side in the mobile
application can make it easier for users to understand each guide in the mobile
application. Mobile applications are one of the educational media to the public about first aid in traffic accidents, if this mobile
application-based research is not applied, it is likely to have an impact on
public understanding of first aid techniques and strategies. This can result in
a less effective response in traffic accident situations, increase the risk of
more severe injury, and lower overall safety. This research is important to
improve first aid standards, minimize the risk of complications, and support
community preparedness in dealing with emergencies such as cross-traffic
accidents.
In this study, the main target is the community,
especially high school students. Students are one of the parts of society that
can be given first aid health education in traffic accidents and also they are
at a mature age to understand the basic concepts of first aid in accidents,
some of high school students have entered their late teens which means they
already have a driver's license (SIM), the need to use the highway by driving a
vehicle independently is getting higher,
which means the potential to find an emergency is even greater. Driving
safety is an important aspect that every driver, including teenagers, must pay
attention to. The presence of a driver's license (SIM) is not only proof of the
legality of driving but also shows that teenagers have understood the driving
rules and etiquette that are important for the safety of themselves and others
on the road
Based on a short interview conducted with
students of SMAN 1 Martapura, out of 10 respondents,
only 3 respondents knew the basic actions in performing first aid in accidents,
this is based on the lack of special education or training regarding first aid
in traffic accidents at the school, this is what encourages researchers to
conduct first aid education research based on mobile applications. So it is hoped that teenagers can be involved in helping and
providing first aid in accidents, which aims to make the Indonesian people more
vigilant in responding to traffic accidents.
RESEARCH METHODS
This study uses a pre-experimental method with a
one-group pretest-posttest design. The purpose of this study is to determine
the influence of education about first aid in traffic accidents on the
knowledge and skills of students of SMAN 1 Martapura
using mobile application media. In this design, initial measurements (pretest)
are made before the treatment is given (intervention), and then measured again
(posttest) after the treatment is given to see the changes.
The study's object was class XI students at SMAN
1 Martapura, Banjar Regency, which amounted to 339
people from 10 classes. From this population, 30 respondents were sampled
through the proportionate stratified random sampling technique, which ensures
each class is proportionally represented in the research sample.
The research data was obtained from two main
sources: primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through
questionnaires and observation sheets. Questionnaires were used to measure
students' knowledge level regarding first aid in traffic accidents, while
observation sheets were used to assess students' skills in practising
first aid. Secondary data was obtained from various literature, including data
from the World Health Organization (WHO), riskesdas,
and the Health Office.
Data collection is carried out through several
steps. First, preparations were made such as determining the research site,
taking care of permits, and preparing research instruments and educational
media in the form of mobile applications. Furthermore, at the implementation
stage, the researcher conducted a pretest by distributing questionnaires and
observing skills. After that, the intervention was given through a mobile
application and a posttest was carried out a week later to measure changes in
students' knowledge and skills.
The collected data was then analyzed using the
SPSS program. The analysis was carried out bivariately
using the Wilcoxon test to determine the intervention's influence on students'
knowledge and skills. Univariate analysis was also carried out to see the
frequency distribution of respondent characteristics and an overview of
knowledge and skills before and after the intervention.
Research ethics are also well maintained, where
informed consent is obtained from respondents, their identities are kept
confidential, and the information provided is guaranteed confidentiality. The
researcher ensured that respondents understood the purpose of the study and the
advantages of their participation and ensured there was no coercion in
participation.
With this research method, it is hoped that valid
and reliable data can be obtained on the effect of traffic accident first aid
education on improving students' knowledge and skills, which can be the basis
for the implementation of similar programs in other schools.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Research Results
Univariate
Analysis
Univariate analysis was used to determine the
results of knowledge before the intervention, after the intervention and the
average before and after the intervention to the respondents at SMAN 1 Martapura as follows:
1. Knowledge before
being given first aid education in accidents using application media.
Table 1. Knowledge
Before Being Given First Aid Education in Accidents Using Application Media
|
It |
Knowledge |
Frequency (f) |
Percentage (%) |
|
1 |
Less |
4 |
13,3 |
|
2 |
Enough |
26 |
86,7 |
|
|
Total |
30 |
100,0 |
Source: Primary
Data 2024
Based on
table 1. The percentage of knowledge of respondents before the intervention was
given was 13.3% for 4 people and 86.7% for 26 people and from this data, it was
known that most of the respondents had a level of knowledge in the sufficient
category of first aid in accidents.
2.
Knowledge after being given first aid education
in accidents using application media
Table 2. Knowledge after
being given first aid education in accidents with application media
|
It |
Knowledge |
Frequency (f) |
Percentage (%) |
|
1 |
Good |
30 |
100,0 |
|
2 |
Enough |
0 |
0 |
|
3 |
Less |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Total |
30 |
100,0 |
Table 1
shows that 30 respondents (100%) increased their level of knowledge to the good
category after the treatment.
3. Skills before being
given first aid education in accidents using application media.
Table
3. Skill level before treatment
|
It |
Skills |
Frequency (f) |
Percentage (%) |
|
1 |
Good |
0 |
0 |
|
2 |
Enough |
8 |
26,7 |
|
3 |
Less |
22 |
73,3 |
|
|
Total |
30 |
100,0 |
Source: Primary
Data 2024
Based on Table
3, the percentage of respondents' skills before the treatment was given with
the Less category was 73.3% as many as 22 people, the adequate category was
26.7% as many as 8 people, and the category from the data, it was known that
the average respondent had a category of skills that were still lacking in
first aid in accidents.
4. Skills after being
given first aid education in accidents using application media.
Table 4. Skill Level
after treatment
|
It |
Skills |
Frequency (f) |
Percentage (%) |
|
1 |
Good |
22 |
73,3 |
|
2 |
Enough |
8 |
26,7 |
|
3 |
Less |
0 |
0 |
|
|
Total |
30 |
100,0 |
Source: Primary
Data 2024
Based on Table 4, the percentage of respondents'
skills before the treatment was given was 73.3% for 22 people and 26.7% for 8
people. From this data, the results of the post-test increased compared to the pre-test,
where the average respondent had a good skill category about first aid.
Bivariate
Analysis
1.
Data Normality Test
Before conducting a
bivariate analysis test on related variables, a normality test was first
carried out using the Shapiro-Wilk test because the total number of respondents
<50 people. If the data is normally distributed, a bivariate test with a
paired t-test is performed. However, if the data is not normally distributed, a
bivariate test is carried out using the Wilcoxon test.
Table 5. Results of the Normality Test of Knowledge
Level with Shapiro-Wilk
|
It |
Knowledge |
Sig |
Conclusion |
|
1 |
Pre-test |
0,002 |
Abnormal distribution |
|
2 |
Post-test |
0,000 |
Abnormal distribution |
Source: Primary
Data 2024
The results of the
normality test in the table above show that the variable data of the level of
knowledge before and after the treatment obtained a significant value of
p<0.05, concluding that the data was abnormally distributed.
Table 6.
Results of the Normality Test of Skill Level with Shapiro-Wilk
|
It |
Skills |
Sig |
Conclusion |
|
1 |
Pre-test |
0,006 |
Abnormal distribution |
|
2 |
Post-test |
0,006 |
Abnormal distribution |
Source: Primary
Data 2024
The results of the
normality test in the table above show that the variable data of skill level
before and after the treatment obtained a significant value of p<0.05, so it
was concluded that the data was abnormally distributed.
Based on the results of the normality test carried
out on both knowledge and skill variables, the two data were distributed
abnormally. So, the test was carried out using the Wilcoxon statistical test to
see the influence of application media on knowledge and skills before and after
the intervention.
2.
The effect of first aid education with
application media on the level of knowledge.
Table 7. The effect of
first aid education with applied media on the level of knowledge
|
Knowledge |
Mean |
Sig |
|
Pretest knowledge level |
9,40 |
0,000 |
|
Posttest knowledge level |
14,07 |
|
Source: Primary
Data 2024
Based on the results of the Wilcoxon test with
the help of SPSS software, a p-value = 0.000 ≤ 0.05 was obtained, which shows
an increase in the level of knowledge of students about knowledge in performing
first aid at SMAN 1 Martapura before and after
providing education using mobile application media. This shows the influence of
mobile application-based education on knowledge of first aid in traffic
accidents.
3.
The effect of first aid education with
application media on the level of skills.
Table 8. Effect of first
aid education with applied media on skill levels
|
Skills |
Mean |
Sig |
|
Skill level before the intervention Post-intervention skill level |
5,57 10,27 |
0,000 |
Source: Primary
Data 2024
Based on the
results of the Wilcoxon test with the help of SPSS software, a p-value was
obtained, a p-value = 0.000 ≤ 0.05, which shows the influence of mobile
application-based education on improving skills in first aid in traffic
accidents. So, H1 is accepted, and H0 is rejected.
Discussion
The level of knowledge of students
before being given first aid education in accidents with application media
Based on the results of the study, it is known
that in 26 respondents, the level of knowledge before treatment is in the
category of sufficient, and 4 respondents have a level of knowledge before
treatment with a low category. This is because some respondents have received
information about first aid, and there are still some respondents who have
never received information about first aid; this study obtained the results of
most of the respondents' knowledge level. Before the treatment was given, it
was in the category of adequate, with an overall average score of 9.40 for the
pre-test.
According to
This research is
also in line with almost the same research conducted by
This research is
also in line with the research conducted by
The researcher assumes that students'
knowledge before being given education is sufficient, but some students still
lack knowledge because they have never been exposed to information about first
aid in accidents.
The level of knowledge of students after
being given first aid education in accidents with application media
In this study, it
was found that most of the respondents' knowledge level before the treatment
with the first aid application media was in the sufficient category, after the
treatment using the first aid application media in the accident, the knowledge
level of most respondents increased in the good category. The results of the
study showed that there was a significant increase in the value of the
knowledge variable after being given first aid learning in accidents with the
application. Which where the increase in knowledge can be achieved because the
application used in this study provides material features that students can
reach to learn anywhere and anytime.
According to
This research is
also in line with almost the same research conducted by
This research is
also in line with almost the same research conducted by
The results of this
study are similar to research conducted in Korea regarding the use of mobile
phone applications as one of the learning methods for nursing students. The
results of the study showed that a significant increase occurred in the
knowledge of nursing students about the concept of clinical practice by
learning using an interactive application on a mobile phone. The significant
increase in the knowledge aspect of the study is due to the interactive
application features used to present a 3-dimensional simulation as a means of
education for nursing clinic practice
The results of statistics and literature reviews
that have been presented previously prove that mobile phone applications
contribute to increasing respondents' knowledge about First Aid. The
contribution made through learning first aid in accidents with an application
model is expected to prepare students as bystanders to prevent the
deterioration of the condition of victims who experience life-threatening
conditions by applying their knowledge about first aid.
Skill Level of students before being
given first aid education in accidents with application media
Based on the results of the study, it was known
that 8 respondents had skills before treatment in the sufficient category, and
22 respondents had skills before treatment in the poor category. This is
because some respondents have heard about doing first aid, especially in
bidding, but there are still some respondents who have never received
information and experience about first aid, especially bidding. In the results
of this study, the average score of the pre-test before the treatment was
obtained with a score of 5.57
The formation of a
behavior begins in the cognitive domain, then gives rise to new knowledge in
the subject and then causes an inner response in the form of an attitude, then
the stimulus, which is an object that has been fully known and realized, will cause
a further response, namely in the form of action against or in connection with
the stimulus or object
This research is
also in line with research conducted by
The researcher
assumes that students' skills before education and demonstrations about first
aid are still lacking because there are still students who have not been
trained and some students who have never gained experience in first aid,
especially bidding.
The skill level of students after being
given first aid education in accidents, with application media
In this study, the
results were obtained that before first aid education, most of the respondents'
skill levels were obtained in the lack category. Then the first aid education
in accidents was carried out; there was an increase in skills, and most of the
respondents experienced an increase in skills to the good category. The results
showed that there was a significant increase in the value of the skill variable
after being given first aid education in accidents with applications and
demonstrations. The increase in knowledge can be achieved because in the
application, there is a step-by-step feature in performing first aid and
demonstrations in performing first aid.
According to
This research is in
line with research conducted by
The results of the
initial skill level before the education was in the
fair category with an initial pre-test score of 16.45 After being given
education, the skill level increased to the good category. With the post-test
score rising to 86.25
Another similar
study discusses the comparison of applications with lecture methods in the
learning process. The results of the study showed that the use of applications
that presented animated images could significantly improve the skills and
confidence of 78 students compared to the lecture method
This is in line
with the research of
In this study, respondents changed their skills
in performing first aid to be better by using the First Aid Guide application.
Based on the results mentioned above, it is obtained that the first aid
education method using the First Aid Guide application has results that can
improve skills for the better, this method also has advantages, including that
students can focus on using the application that has been installed in their
smartphones and can also practice anywhere and anytime so that it is very easy
for students to do it.
The Effect of Mobile Application-Based
Education on Knowledge and Skills of Traffic Accident First Aid in Adolescents
at SMAN 1 Martapura,
Banjar Regency
In this study, it was found that the knowledge
obtained by students before the provision of health education using mobile
application media with the average value of knowledge of students after the
provision of health education using mobile application media was obtained as a
result of the difference in the average score, knowledge before and after was
4.67. This shows that students' knowledge has improved.
For respondents
aged 16-18 years, most of their knowledge increased in the post-test with a
level of knowledge in the good category of as many as 30 respondents. The level
of skills also increased with the level good category as many as 22 respondents
(73.3%) and the sufficient category as many as 8 respondents (26.7%) According
to
Based on the gender
characteristics in Table 1, the male gender was 13 respondents (43.3%) while
the female gender was 17 respondents (56.7%). according to Leny's
research (2020) explained that although men and women have different levels of
knowledge, namely, women are more diligent, diligent and meticulous when given
tasks in completing work.
This is in line
with the results of Nurhazana's research
In this study, it
was also found that students' skills were obtained before the education using
application media with an initial average pre-test score of 5.57, after
education and demonstrations using application media an increase in the number
of post-test average scores of 10.27, then an increase in the difference
results of 4.7 was obtained, this shows that students' skills have improved.
This research is in
line with the results of research conducted by Ressa Andriyani Utami
Based on the
statistical tests carried out, a value of p-value = 0.000≤0.05 was obtained,
which means that there is an influence of health education using application
media on students' knowledge and skills about first aid in accidents at SMAN 1 Martapura. The results of the statistical test using the wilcoxon test were obtained ρ value = 0.000, with a value
of α = 0.05 (ρ < α), so that there was an influence of education using
application media on first aid knowledge and skills in SMAN 1 Martapura students.
This study uses an
application media called Gacet (easy, fast and
precise) which is planted on an Android-based mobile phone as a learning method
for first aid in accidents. This application has different characteristics from
previous studies that use technology as learning. The characteristics of this
application include text/writing, images and emergency call menus as additions
and novelties offered. The features presented can make it easier for students
to learn about first aid in accidents according to the advantages and
advantages offered through learning using mobile phones, so that it can produce
a good stimulus and ultimately be able to improve the cognitive abilities of
respondents. In addition, respondents have the opportunity to be able to learn
about first aid in accidents in the application whenever and wherever they
want. In addition, learning using applications on mobile phones is a new thing,
so it can attract the attention of respondents.
The researcher assumes that education using
application media about first aid in accidents has been proven to be
influential in improving the knowledge and skills of students at SMAN 1 Martapura. The results of statistical tests show that
education using application media affects the level of knowledge and skills of
students.
Research Limitations
1.
There is a limitation of research time, so
researchers only research their knowledge and simple skills.
2.
The First Aid Guide application used in this
study is still available on the Android smartphone operating system, while the
operating systems using IOS and Windows Phone are still not available. The
effort will be to find sponsors who can provide funds to include this
application in IOS and Windows Phone.
3.
This study has not included the video features in
the application used. Video features need to be added as support in optimizing
the learning process of first aid in accidents.
CONCLUSION
Based on the research objectives and the results obtained from
"The Effect of Mobile Application-Based Education on Knowledge and Skills
of First Aid in Traffic Accidents in High School Adolescents at SMAN 1 Martapura, Banjar Regency," it can be concluded that
there is an increase in knowledge about first aid in accidents by using
educational media, namely mobile applications, both before and after treatment.
Furthermore, there is an improvement in skills related to first aid in
accidents through education using mobile application media before and after
treatment. The implementation of first aid learning in accidents using mobile
application media affects students' knowledge and skills about first aid in
accidents.
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Copyright holder: Muhammad Ihsan Maulana,
Marwansyah, Suroto, Evi Risa Mariana,
Rutmauli Hutagaol (2024) |
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First publication right: Asian Journal of Engineering, Social and Health (AJESH) |
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