Volume 4, No. 1 January 2025 - (21-35)

p-ISSN 2980-4868 | e-ISSN 2980-4841

https://ajesh.ph/index.php/gp

Optimizing the Functions of Immigration Intelligence and Immigration Assisted

Villages in the Prevention of Trafficking in Persons: An Integrative Approach to Enhancing Community Resilience in Indonesia - A Systematic Literature Review

Wisda Purnamasari1*, Arthur Josias Simon Runturambi2

Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

Trafficking in Persons (TP) is a serious threat to national security and human rights in Indonesia. The complexity of this crime has increased over time, with an evolving modus operandi, especially in border areas and vulnerable communities. This research aims to analyze the optimization of the immigration intelligence function and the Immigration Assisted Village program in preventing TP, with an integrative approach based on technology and community empowerment. The research uses the systematic literature review (SLR) method to compile a comprehensive synthesis of related literature in the 2010-2024 period. The results of this research show that the integration of immigration intelligence functions, Early Warning Systems (EWS), and the Immigration Assisted Village program is proven to be able to increase the effectiveness of preventing TP. Big data technology and artificial intelligence play a key role in analyzing TP patterns and trends, while community empowerment through education and job training increases community resilience to this crime. However, the implementation of these strategies faces challenges, such as limited resources and inter-agency coordination. Implications This research recommends a multidisciplinary approach involving technology investment, community empowerment, and continuous evaluation to strengthen Indonesia's position in combating TP as well as increase community resilience to this threat.

INTRODUCTION

Trafficking in Persons (TP) is one of the most serious and complex transnational crimes in the era of globalization. This phenomenon violates fundamental human rights and threatens security and social stability in various countries, including Indonesia. As a country with the fourth-largest population in the world, Indonesia faces significant challenges in addressing the problem of TP, which is increasingly complicated and growing over time. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) recorded a spike in TP cases of around 62.5 percent compared to the previous year, with the modus operandi continuing to evolve, especially during the pandemic. These cases occur domestically and involve cross-border networks, making it a transnational organized crime that requires a comprehensive and multidimensional approach to handling it (Veda et al., 2021). The complexity of TP is reflected in the various forms of exploitation carried out, including sexual exploitation, forced labor, forced marriage, and even organ trafficking. Women and children are the most vulnerable group in this case. Data from the Online Information System for the Protection of Women and Children (SIMFONI, Sistem Informasi Online Perlindungan Perempuan dan Anak) of the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection (KPPPA, Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak) revealed that 97% of trafficking victims in Indonesia in 2019-2023 were women and children. An IOM report on twenty years of child trafficking data also shows that children are at higher risk of being trafficked compared to adults, especially if they come from low-income or disaster-prone areas.

Various complex, interrelated factors drive the phenomenon of TP in Indonesia. Poverty and economic inequality are the main factors that push individuals to seek economic opportunities elsewhere, often becoming easy targets for traffickers. Low education levels and Lack of Awareness about the dangers of TP make people, especially in rural and remote areas, vulnerable to exploitation. Indonesia's geographical factor as an archipelago also makes it challenging to monitor and enforce laws in border areas (Kusuma et al., 2020). The impact of TP on individuals, families, and communities is significant and multidimensional. Victims of TP often experience deep psychological trauma, long-term physical and mental health problems, and difficulties in social reintegration. Victims' families also face social stigma and economic pressure. At the community level, TP undermines social cohesion, impedes economic development, and creates an unsafe and unstable environment (Bagus Arya Bhaskara et al., 2021).

Faced with the complexity of this problem, the Indonesian government has made various efforts to tackle TP. These measures include strengthening the legal and policy framework, increasing law enforcement capacity, and implementing prevention and victim protection programs. However, the effectiveness of these efforts still faces significant challenges, especially regarding inter-agency coordination and limited resources (Laksono & Purwanti, 2019). In this context, the strategic role of the Directorate General of Immigration is crucial. As the frontline in regulating the traffic of people in and out of Indonesian territory, immigration has a key position in efforts to prevent and handle TP. The functions and authorities of the Directorate General of Immigration, which include immigration services, law enforcement, state security, and facilitators of community welfare development, provide a strong foundation for an active role in tackling TP (Bakker et al., 2021).

The link between immigration and TP is very close, considering many TP cases involve victims' movement across national borders. Immigration has an important role in identifying and preventing potential TP cases through examining travel documents, supervising people's traffic at the border, and international cooperation in the exchange of information and intelligence (Putri et al., 2024). However, the challenges faced by immigration in preventing TP are not few. The main obstacles are the complexity of the modus operandi of TP perpetrators, limited human resources and technology, and the vastness of Indonesia's border areas. In addition, the balance between service and supervision functions is also a dilemma for immigration in carrying out its duties and functions (Nugroho et al., 2024). Given the growing complexity and dynamics of TP, the urgency of developing an early warning system (EWS) in the context of TP is very important. EWS aims to identify potential cases of TP early on, enabling more effective and efficient preventive measures. The concept of EWS in the context of TP involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources, including migration patterns, economic trends, and social indicators, to identify high-risk areas and groups.

The weakness of the current TP prevention system lies in its reactive nature and Lack of integration. Often, action is only taken after a TP case occurs, not at the prevention stage. EWS implementation can potentially change this approach to be more proactive and preventive. EWS implementation's potential benefits include increased resource allocation effectiveness, early identification of high-risk areas, and improved inter-agency coordination in TP prevention efforts (Šakić Trogrlić et al., 2022). In this context, the concept of an Immigration Foster Village has emerged as an innovative instrument in preventing TP. The program aims to expand the reach of immigration information, provide an understanding of immigration rules, prevent unprocedural Indonesian Migrant Workers, strengthen immigration law enforcement, and minimize geographical and bureaucratic barriers. Desa Binaan Imigrasi also serves to increase immigration literacy and prepare the community to be more independent and vigilant in preparing before going abroad.

The implementation mechanism of the Immigration Assisted Village program involves cooperation between the Directorate General of Immigration, local governments, and local communities. The program includes education, socialization, and community empowerment activities to increase understanding of correct immigration procedures and the risks of TP. The role of the community in this program is vital, especially in terms of not being easily tempted by the sweet promise of working abroad through non-procedural channels and understanding the dangers of misusing passports. The potential of Immigration Assisted Villages as an EWS base is enormous. With the information and communication network established between village communities and immigration authorities, early detection of potential TP cases can be carried out more effectively. However, implementing this program also faces obstacles and challenges, such as limited resources, cultural resistance, and suboptimal coordination between institutions.

The importance of community resilience in dealing with TP cannot be ignored. Community resilience in this context encompasses the ability of communities to identify, prevent, and deal with cases of TP independently. Key components of community resilience include knowledge and Awareness about TP, skills, economic empowerment, and strong social cohesion and capital. The relationship between community resilience and TP prevention is very close. Resilient communities have a greater capacity to recognize early signs of TP, report suspicious cases, and support victims in the recovery and reintegration process. The integration of the functions of immigration intelligence, EWS, and Immigration Assisted Villages offers a holistic approach to preventing and handling TP. Immigration intelligence plays a role in collecting and analyzing information related to TP patterns and trends, while EWS serves as a mechanism to identify and respond to potential cases early (Suprapto, 2020). Immigration Assisted Villages spearhead implementation at the grassroots level, ensuring that prevention efforts reach the most vulnerable communities.

The potential synergy between these three elements is enormous. Immigration intelligence can provide the data and analysis needed to optimize the EWS. At the same time, Immigration Assisted Villages can be an important source of information for immigration intelligence and a conduit for implementing preventive measures based on alerts from the EWS. However, the challenges in integrating these three elements are also significant, covering issues such as information sharing between agencies, standardization of procedures, and policy adjustments. The urgency of this research in the context of national policy is highly relevant to the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN, Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Efforts to prevent and handle TP align with national development goals to improve people's welfare and maintain national security. In addition, this research also contributes to the achievement of SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions).

The novelty of this research lies in its integrative approach, combining immigration intelligence functions, the Early Warning System (EWS), and the Immigration Assisted Village program to develop a comprehensive and community-based model for tackling TP. Unlike previous studies that often focus on isolated aspects of TP prevention, this research emphasizes the synergy and interconnectedness of these three components to address the multidimensional challenges of TP effectively. Additionally, the research introduces a systematic evaluation of the Immigration Assisted Village program's role in enhancing community resilience and preventing TP, which has not been extensively explored in existing literature. By bridging the gap between policy implementation, technology-driven intelligence, and grassroots community empowerment, this research offers an innovative framework adaptable to various local contexts in Indonesia and potentially serves as a benchmark for other countries facing similar issues. This multidimensional perspective ensures a more holistic understanding and practical application in combating TP, addressing both immediate and long-term challenges.

Based on the above background, this research aims to deeply analyze the implementation of the immigration intelligence function as a component of the Early Warning System in preventing TP, evaluate the effectiveness of the Immigration Assisted Village program in increasing community resilience and preventing TP, identify factors that influence community resilience to TP in the context of the Immigration Assisted Village program, and formulate recommendations to optimize the integration of the immigration intelligence function, the Early Warning System, and the Immigration Assisted Village program in efforts to prevent TP. Thus, this research is expected to make a significant contribution in developing a more effective and integrated strategy for combating TP in Indonesia.

RESEARCH METHOD

The research method used in this research is a systematic literature review (SLR), an approach that allows for a comprehensive analysis and systematic synthesis of the existing literature related to the implementation of the immigration intelligence function, Early Warning System (EWS), and Immigration Assisted Village program in the context of preventing Trafficking in Persons (TP) in Indonesia. The SLR method was chosen for its ability to integrate findings from multiple sources, identify gaps in current research, and provide a solid foundation for developing evidence-based policy and practice. The SLR process in this research followed a strict protocol, which consisted of several key stages: (1) formulation of research questions, (2) literature search, (3) research selection, (4) quality assessment, (5) data extraction, and (6) synthesis of results. The research questions guiding this SLR focused on the effectiveness of the immigration intelligence function as an EWS component, the impact of the Immigration Assisted Village program on community resilience, and the potential integration of the three elements in preventing TP.

The literature search was conducted through various electronic databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar. In addition, grey literature sources such as government reports, policy documents, and non-governmental organization publications were also included to ensure comprehensive coverage. The search strategy used a combination of relevant keywords in Bahasa Indonesia and English, including "immigration intelligence," "early warning system," "immigration-assisted village," "trafficking crime," "community resilience," and variations thereof. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to ensure the relevance and quality of studies included in the review. Inclusion criteria included: (1) studies that focused on the immigration intelligence function, EWS, or the Immigration Assisted Village program in Indonesia, (2) research that addressed TP prevention or community resilience enhancement, (3) publications within the 2010-2024 timeframe to ensure contemporary relevance, and (4) studies in Indonesian or English. Exclusion criteria included studies that were not peer-reviewed (except for relevant grey literature), research that did not focus on the Indonesian context, and publications that were not fully accessible.

Research quality assessment was conducted using a customized assessment tool, considering aspects such as clarity of research objectives, methodology appropriateness, data reliability, and strength of analysis. The data extraction stage included studies that met the minimum quality threshold. The data extraction involved collecting standardized information from each eligible research, including research methods, sample size, key findings, and implications. A thematic approach was used to organize and analyze the extracted data to facilitate a systematic synthesis. The main themes identified include (1) the mechanisms of the immigration intelligence function in the context of TP, (2) the implementation and effectiveness of the EWS, (3) the impact of the Immigration Assisted Village program on community resilience, and (4) challenges and opportunities in the integration of the three elements. The following table summarizes the SLR protocol used in this research:

Table 1. Systematic Literature Review (SLR) Stages for

Prevention of Trafficking in Persons (TP)

To ensure the reliability and validity of the review process, two independent researchers conducted research selection, quality assessment, and data extraction in parallel. Disagreements were resolved through discussion and, if necessary, involving a third researcher as a mediator. Reference management software managed citations and facilitated an efficient screening process. Data analysis involved a narrative synthesis of key findings supported by thematic analysis to identify patterns and trends in the literature. This approach allowed for the integration of findings from different types of studies, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods research. In addition, a gap analysis was conducted to identify areas that require further research. Potential limitations of this method, such as publication bias and research heterogeneity, were recognized and explicitly discussed in the final report. Strategies to mitigate these limitations include an extensive grey literature search and sensitivity analysis techniques to assess the robustness of the findings. The results of this SLR are expected to provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art implementation of immigration intelligence functions, EWS, and the Immigration Assisted Village program to prevent TP in Indonesia. These findings will form the basis for developing evidence-based policy and practice recommendations and identify directions for future research to optimize the prevention of TP and increase community resilience in Indonesia.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1. Prism Flowchart

Table 2. List of Literature Related to TP Prevention and Immigration Intelligence

Optimizing the immigration intelligence function and the Immigration Assisted Village program to prevent Trafficking in Persons (TP) is a strategic step that requires an integrative and multidimensional approach. Based on the systematic literature review analysis conducted, several key aspects need to be discussed in depth to understand the complexity of the problem and potential solutions that can be applied.

The Strategic Role of Immigration Intelligence in TP Prevention

Immigration intelligence plays a vital role in the national security system, especially preventing TP. As stated by (Hutagalung et al., 2023), immigration intelligence is responsible for conducting early detection of potential disturbances caused by foreigners, both those who will enter and those who are already in Indonesian territory. This function is crucial given the growing complexity and dynamics of TP, as reflected in the increase in TP cases, which reached 62.5% compared to the previous year  (Veda et al., 2021).  However, the implementation of the immigration intelligence function still faces various challenges. (Al Apip et al., 2022) identified that the implementation of the immigration intelligence function has not been fully effective due to limited human resources, inadequate infrastructure, and non-comprehensive technical regulations. This underscores the urgency to improve the capacity and capability of immigration intelligence, especially in the face of increasingly sophisticated TP modus operandi.

Early Warning System Development

The importance of early warning systems in preventing TP cannot be ignored. (Azizurrahman et al., 2023) emphasize that the construction of an effective early warning system requires synchronization between various elements, including filters to identify potential victims, administrative agencies, and border guard officers. This concept aligns with the urgency of the Early Warning System (EWS) development discussed in the introduction of this journal. (Napierała et al., 2022) propose an innovative approach to EWS development by using models from statistical control theory to detect early warning signals in the context of asylum-related migration. Although their research focuses on migration flows in Europe, the principles used can be adapted for the Indonesian context in TP prevention efforts. The following table illustrates the key components of developing an EWS for the prevention of TP:

Table 3. Components of the Early Warning System (EWS) in the Prevention of TP

Optimizing the Immigration-Assisted Village Program

The Immigration Assisted Village Program is a promising innovation in efforts to prevent TP at the grassroots level. This concept aligns with the findings of Ndolu & F.I Pello (2020), who emphasized the importance of community engagement through Community Watch in human trafficking prevention. They identified factors driving community engagement, including legal Awareness, victim experience, and voluntary habits. In the context of Immigration Assisted Villages, this program can be optimized by integrating the following elements:

1. Education and Awareness Raising: Providing the public with an understanding of the risks of TP and proper immigration procedures.
2. Economic Empowerment: In line with the findings of (Pujonggo, 2024), empowerment programs through education and job training can increase community resilience to TP.
3. Community-Based Reporting System: Develop a mechanism that allows the community to report suspicious cases safely and effectively.
4. Cooperation with Local Government: (Suzanalisa et al., 2023) emphasize the importance of synergy between law enforcement, local governments, and communities in addressing TP.

Integration of Immigration Intelligence, EWS, and Immigration Assisted Village Functions

An integrative approach that combines immigration intelligence functions, EWS, and the Immigration Assisted Village program offers excellent potential to improve the effectiveness of TP prevention. This integration allows for better information flow from the grassroots to the policy-making level. (Fallah et al., 2021) Identified gaps in the regulation and implementation of the immigration intelligence function, including a lack of coordination between units. Integrating the three elements can help bridge this gap by creating a more structured coordination mechanism. In supporting border security and early threat detection, Arifin et al. (2024) highlighted the importance of a coordinated inspection system in the context of maritime surveillance, which is relevant to addressing illegal migration and other cross-border threats. Implementing a more integrated system can minimize the risk of border violations and enhance national security. In addition, the role of open source intelligence (OSINT) in detecting separatist groups, as described by (Kuswara, 2019), demonstrates the effectiveness of using technology in counterintelligence efforts. This emphasizes the need for data-driven analysis to deal with security threats in a more efficient and coordinated manner. In this context, immigration intelligence can serve as a hub for analyzing and processing information obtained from EWS and the Immigration Assisted Village program. Data collected from communities through the Immigration Assisted Village program can be valuable input to the EWS. At the same time, the results of EWS analysis can inform immigration intelligence strategies and interventions at the village level.

A Multidisciplinary Approach to TP Prevention

The complexity of TP requires a multidisciplinary approach involving multiple sectors. (Peck et al., 2021) emphasizes the important role of child health care providers in intervention and advocacy for children vulnerable to human trafficking. This suggests that TP prevention efforts need to involve not only the security and immigration sectors but also health, education, and social protection. (Gibran & Hidayati, 2023) Emphasizes the importance of strict monitoring of the movement of foreigners in the context of preventing terrorism. The same principle can be applied in preventing TP, considering the balance between security and human rights.

Victim Protection and Law Enforcement

Other important aspects of preventing TP are victim protection and effective law enforcement. (Amin, 2023) underlines the importance of legal protection for TP victims, including restitution, compensation, and rehabilitation. Integrating victim protection aspects into prevention strategies can increase the effectiveness of overall efforts. Increased supervision of labor brokers and tightening of administration from the village to the sub-district level, as proposed by (Amin, 2023), could be integrated into the Immigration Assisted Village program. This would help prevent the exploitation of potential migrant workers who are often victims of TP.

Utilization of Technology and Big Data

In the digital era, technology and big data are becoming increasingly important in preventing TP. (Napierała et al., 2022) demonstrated the potential of using statistical models to predict migration flows. A similar approach could be adopted for the context of TP in Indonesia, utilizing data from various sources, including immigration intelligence, community reports, and social media trends. Implementing blockchain technology to ensure data integrity and facilitate secure information exchange between agencies could be a promising innovation. In addition, using artificial intelligence and machine learning in data analysis can improve the ability of early detection and prediction of TP patterns.b Optimizing the immigration intelligence function and the Immigration Assisted Village program to prevent TP requires a holistic approach integrating various elements. Effective EWS development, immigration intelligence capacity building, and community empowerment through the Immigration Assisted Village program are complementary strategic steps.

Integrating these three elements - immigration intelligence, EWS, and Immigration Assisted Villages - offers great potential to improve the effectiveness of TP prevention. A multidisciplinary approach involving various sectors, including health and education, and using technology and big data, will strengthen prevention efforts. However, implementing this strategy requires strong political commitment, adequate resource allocation, and effective coordination between agencies. Continuous evaluation and adaptation to changes in the modus operandi of TP are also essential to ensure the relevance and effectiveness of future prevention efforts. By adopting this integrative and innovative approach, Indonesia can strengthen its position in combating TP, protect vulnerable groups, and increase community resilience to this threat. These efforts will not only contribute to the achievement of national development goals and SDGs but can also serve as a model for other countries facing similar challenges in the era of globalization.

CONCLUSION

The conclusion underscores the significance of an integrative approach to combating Trafficking in Persons (TP) in Indonesia by optimizing immigration intelligence functions, developing an Early Warning System (EWS), and strengthening the Immigration Assisted Village program. These components, when combined, have the potential to enhance early detection, facilitate rapid response, and build community resilience against TP. However, challenges such as limited resources, weak inter-agency coordination, and the constantly evolving modus operandi of TP remain significant barriers to effective implementation.

To address these challenges, several recommendations are proposed. First, investment in immigration intelligence is necessary, particularly in the areas of technology and human resource capacity building. Second, an integrated EWS utilizing big data and artificial intelligence should be developed to improve predictive accuracy and timeliness. Third, the Immigration Assisted Village program should focus on education, economic empowerment, and community-based reporting systems to increase local engagement in TP prevention. Additionally, strengthening inter-agency coordination through a secure and efficient information-sharing platform is essential. A multidisciplinary approach involving sectors such as health, education, and social protection should also be adopted, complemented by periodic evaluations to adapt to emerging trends in TP. Finally, a comprehensive legal framework is needed to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of these integrated prevention strategies.

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