Effect of Nutrition Intervention on Gene Expression Profile in Diabetic Individual (Diabetic Animal Model): A Mini Review

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with multisystem complications, traditionally addressed through treatment and prevention strategies. Recently, growing attention has focused on nutrigenomics as a promising approach for diabetes management. Nutrigenomics explores how nutrition influences gene expression and metabolic pathways, offering potential for targeted dietary interventions. This mini-review systematically examined literature from Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library using keywords such as “nutrigenomics,” “diabetes,” “gene expression,” “intervention,” and “experimental study.” Eligible studies included original research articles in English involving diabetic models, while exclusions covered inaccessible full texts, non-English publications, reviews, duplicates, and studies limited to human clinical trials. Findings highlight that dietary interventions significantly influence gene expression related to glucose metabolism, lipid regulation, and oxidative stress in diabetes. Astaxanthin supplementation demonstrated improvements in biochemical markers and insulin sensitivity through the modulation of adiponectin, AdipoR1/AdipoR2, and PPAR?. Anthocyanin-rich extracts and germinated brown rice (GBR) were found to beneficially regulate transcription factors associated with gluconeogenesis and antioxidant defenses. Additionally, oil tea exhibited the ability to suppress PCK1 gene expression, suggesting improved glucose homeostasis. Collectively, these interventions underscore the therapeutic potential of bioactive compounds in reprogramming metabolic pathways. In conclusion, evidence from nutrigenomic studies indicates that compounds such as astaxanthin, anthocyanins, GBR, and oil tea may serve as effective modulators of gene expression in type 2 diabetes. These findings provide a foundation for developing innovative, nutrition-based strategies aimed at enhancing glycemic control, reducing oxidative stress, and ultimately improving diabetes management and prevention.