End-of-Life Battery Disposal Behavior Electric Vehicles in Indonesian Using Structural Equation Model Approach

Abstract

The rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in Indonesia presents a future challenge in managing End-of-Life (EOL) battery waste, which is classified as hazardous and toxic material (B3). This study aims to develop a behavioral model analyzing factors influencing consumers' intention to return EOL EV batteries. Using an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework, this research examines eight latent variables: Attitude (AT), Subjective Norms (SN), Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), Economic Incentive (EI), Environmental Awareness (EA), Broad Social Influence (BS), Government Policy (GP), and Battery Return Intention (BR). Data were collected through a survey of 173 EV owners in the Jabodetabek area and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results demonstrate that Attitude, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Economic Incentive significantly and positively influence Battery Return Intention. Furthermore, Environmental Awareness positively affects both Attitude and Subjective Norms, while Government Policy significantly enhances Perceived Behavioral Control. Interestingly, Subjective Norms showed no significant direct effect on Return Intention. The model explains 85.8% of the variance in return intention (R² = 0.858), indicating strong predictive power. These findings provide empirical evidence for policymakers and industry stakeholders to design effective strategies—including economic incentives, infrastructure development, and public awareness campaigns—to foster consumer participation in formal EOL battery recycling channels, supporting the circular economy transition in Indonesia's EV ecosystem.